Appendix B — Environmental Literature

The sources listed below, from which much of the material in Chapters 2 and 5 of this Roadmap is adapted, provide additional information related to environmental obligations and AROs.

Section	Title	Source
2.2	Environmental Regulations — Federal
2.2.1	The Clean Air Act	EPA, “Clean Air Act Requirements and History”
		EPA, “1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Introduction”
		EPA, “1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title III: Air Toxics”
		EPA, “Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title V: Permits”
		EPA, “Setting Emissions Standards Based on Technology Performance”
		EPA, “Information Regarding Implementation of the Emission Trading Program Pursuant to 45 CSR28, ʼAir Pollutant Emissions Banking and Trading’”
2.2.2	The Clean Water Act	EPA, “Summary of the Clean Water Act”
2.2.2	The Clean Water Act	Transportation Environmental Resource Center, “Clean Water Act (CWA): Industrial Wastewater”
2.2.3	The Toxic Substances Control Act	EPA, “Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act”
		EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD), Childrenʼs Environmental Health Research Roadmap
		EPA, “Assessing and Managing Chemicals Under TSCA; The Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act”
2.2.4	The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	EPA, “Summary of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act”
2.2.4	The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	EPA, “Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Overview”
2.2.5	The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)	EPA, “Summary of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)”
2.2.5		EPA, “Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)”
2.3	Superfund — A Deeper Dive
2.3.1	Site Assessment	EPA, “Superfund Site Assessment Process”
		EPA National Center for Environmental Economics, Emergency Response and Removal Program, CERCLA’s Overlooked Cleanup Program: Emergency Response and Removal, May 2011
		EPA, “Superfund Alternative Approach”
2.3.2	Placement on the NPL	EPA, “Basic NPL Information”
2.3.3	Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study	EPA, “Superfund Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (Site Characterization)”
2.3.3	Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, A Guide to Developing and Documenting Cost Estimates During the Feasibility Study, July 2000
2.3.4	Remediation Decisions	EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), Rules of Thumb for Superfund Remedy Selection, August 1997
2.3.4	Remediation Decisions	FRTR, the Technology Screening Matrix tool
2.3.4.1.1	Soil Removal	EPA, A Citizenʼs Guide to Excavation of Contaminated Soil, September 2012
		Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Technical Manual, TED 01-00-015, “Excavations: Hazard Recognition in Trenching and Shoring”
		FRTR, the Technology Screening Matrix tool
2.3.4.1.2	Soil Treatment and Stabilization	EPA, In Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Soil: Engineering Forum Issue Paper, November 2006
		EPA, “Remediation Technology Descriptions for Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites”
		EPA, Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information, “In Situ Chemical Reduction”
2.3.4.2.1	Ex Situ Groundwater Treatment	EPA, A Citizenʼs Guide to Pump and Treat, September 2012
2.3.4.2.1	Ex Situ Groundwater Treatment	FRTR, “Water Treatment Technologies”
2.3.4.2.2	In Situ Groundwater Treatment	FRTR, “Enhanced In Situ Reductive Dechlorination for Groundwater”
		EPA, A Citizenʼs Guide to Pump and Treat, September 2012
		EPA ORD, Pump-and-Treat Ground-Water Remediation: A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners, July 1996
		EPA Office of Land and Emergency Management, Community Guide to Permeable Reactive Barriers, 2021
		Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC), Permeable Reactive Barrier: Technology Update, June 2011
2.3.4.2.3	Monitored Natural Attenuation	EPA Office of Land and Emergency Management, Community Guide to Monitored Natural Attenuation, 2021
		ITRC, Permeable Reactive Barrier: Technology Update, June 2011
		EPA ORD, Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water, September 1998
2.3.4.2.4	Groundwater Containment	FRTR, “Groundwater Pump and Treat”
		Quintal, David and Otero, Margarita, “Vertical Impermeable Barriers (Cutoff Walls),” Geoengineer.org
		Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Engineering Control: Slurry Walls, updated September 2017 and May 2021
2.3.4.2.5	Controlling Exposure to Contaminated Soil and Groundwater	Committee on Environmental Remediation at Naval Facilities et al., Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Risk-Based Methods, National Academy Press, 1999
2.3.4.2.5	Controlling Exposure to Contaminated Soil and Groundwater	EPA OSWER, Engineering Controls on Brownfields Information Guide: How They Work With Institutional Controls; the Most Common Types Used; and an Introduction to Costs, November 2010
2.3.4.3	Sediment Remediation	EPA OSWER, Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites, December 2005
2.3.4.3.1	Dredging and Excavation	ITRC, Contaminated Sediments Remediation: Remedy Selection for Contaminated Sediments, August 2014
2.3.4.3.2	In Situ Techniques	See 2.3.4.3.1 above.
2.3.4.3.3	Monitored Natural Recovery	See 2.3.4.3.1 above.
2.3.6.1	Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring	EPA OSWER, Operation and Maintenance in the Superfund Program, May 2001
2.3.6.1	Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, A Guide to Developing and Documenting Cost Estimates During the Feasibility Study, July 2000
2.3.6.2	Long-Term Response Action	EPA, “Superfund: Post Construction Completion”
2.3.6.3	Five-Year Reviews	EPA OSWER, Five-Year Review Process in the Superfund Program, April 2003
2.3.6.4	Deletion From the National Priorities List	EPA, “Superfund: NPL Deletion Guidance and Policy”
2.3.7	EPA “Notice of Liability” Letters to PRPs	EPA OSWER, “Interim Guidance on Notice Letters, Negotiations, and Information Exchange,” October 19, 1987
2.3.9	Superfund Settlement Agreements	See 2.3.7 above.
2.4	Corrective Action Process Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	Rogers, C. Gregory, Financial Reporting of Environmental Liabilities and Risks After Sarbanes-Oxley, 2005, 48
2.5	Environmental Regulations — State
2.5.1	Federal-State Partnerships	Paddock, LeRoy, The Federal and State Roles in Environmental Enforcement: A Proposal for a More Effective and More Efficient Relationship, Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace, January 1, 1990
		Environmental Law Institute, “Environmental Law 101”
		42 U.S.C. Section 7410, “State Implementation Plans for National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards”
		33 U.S.C. Section 1342(b), “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System: State Permit Programs”
		33 U.S.C. Section 1319(a), “Enforcement: State Enforcement; Compliance Orders”
2.5.2	State Environmental Cleanup Regulations	Texas Administrative Code Title 30, Section 350.55(e)(1)
2.5.2	State Environmental Cleanup Regulations	42 U.S.C. Sections 6924(u) and (v), “Standards Applicable to Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities: Continuing Releases at Permitted Facilities [and] Corrective Action Beyond Facility Boundary”
2.5.2.1	Contaminants of Emerging Concern	EPA Office of Land and Emergency Management, Technical Fact Sheet — Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), November 2017
		“Microbial Degradation of Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the Environment: A Review,” Environment International, November 2013
		Environmental Working Group, “EPA Conducting Criminal Investigations Into Industries’ Handling of PFAS Chemicals”
		EPAʼs final Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5)
2.5.3	Transaction-Triggered Environmental Laws	New Jersey Administrative Code Section 7:26
		See 2.4 above.
		Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, “Property Transfer Program: An Environmental Program Fact Sheet”
		Delaware Code Title 7, Section 9201 et seq.
2.5.4	Licensed Environmental Professionals	Miller, Kristen, “Connecticut Transfer Act,” September 17, 2012
		Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, 310 CMR 40, “Massachusetts Contingency Plan”
		Mass.gov, “Hiring a Licensed Site Professional”
		Farer, David, “Transaction-Triggered Environmental Laws,” Chapter 3 in Environmental Aspects of Real Estate and Commercial Transactions, edited by James Witkin, American Bar Association, 2011
		Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, “Licensed Environmental Professional Program: An Environmental Program Fact Sheet”
		Oberer, John, “Licensed Environmental Professionals: Do These Programs Work?” New Jersey Business, February 26, 2016
2.5.5	Risk-Based Cleanup	National Academy of Sciences, “Review of Risk-Based Methodologies,” Chapter 2 in Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Risk-Based Methods, National Academies Press, 1999
		Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Risk-Based Decision Making for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites, September 22, 2003
		Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, “Risk-Based Decision Making for Site Cleanup,” 2021
		ITRC, Contaminated Sediments Remediation: Remedy Selection for Contaminated Sediments, August 2014
		Downey, Douglas et al., “Trends in Regulatory Acceptance of Risk-Based Cleanup Goals and Natural Attenuation for Site Closure,” Remediation: The Journal of Environmental Cleanup Costs, Technologies & Techniques, December 1997, 71–86
2.6	Environmental Regulations — International	Sands, Philippe and Peel, Jacqueline, Principles of International Environmental Law, fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2012
		Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions, Synergies Among the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions, “First Intergovernmental Environment Meetings After UNEA2 Conclude With Concrete Steps Taken to Manage Waste More Sustainably”
		See 2.4 above.
		European Commission, “Environmental Liability”
		Kadas, Madeleine and Fraker, Russell, “Central and South America Overview: Emerging Trends in Latin America,” International Environmental Law: The Practitionerʼs Guide to the Laws of the Planet, edited by Roger Martella, Jr. and J. Brett Grosko, American Bar Association, 2014, 365, 368–369
5.4	Power and Utilities — Nuclear
5.4.3	High-Level Radioactive Waste	NRC, “Backgrounder on Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants”
		DOE, Strategy for the Management and Disposal of Used Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste, January 2013
		DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Acceptance Priority Ranking & Annual Capacity Report, 2004
5.5	Power and Utilities — Non-Nuclear
5.5.1	Coal Ash Impoundments	EPA Final Rule, Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities (CFR Parts 257 and 261)
5.5.1.2	Recent CCR Developments	EPA, “EPA Reaches Settlement With Public Service Company of Colorado Over Allegations of Noncompliance With Coal Combustion Residual Regulations”
5.5.1.2.1	The Final Closure Part A Rule	EPA Final Rule, Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System: Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; A Holistic Approach to Closure Part A: Deadline to Initiate Closure (the “final Closure Part A rule”)
5.5.1.2.2	The Final Closure Part B Rule	EPA Final Rule, Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System: Disposal of CCR; A Holistic Approach to Closure Part B: Alternate Demonstration for Unlined Surface Impoundments (the “final Closure Part B rule”)
5.5.1.2.3	Advance Notices of Proposed Rulemaking and Proposed Rule on Legacy CCR Surface Impoundments and CCR Management Units	EPA Proposed Rule, Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System: Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Legacy CCR Surface Impoundments
5.8	Renewables	American Clean Power Association, “Wind Turbine Disposal and Recycling Strategies”
5.8	Renewables	EPA, “Solar Panel Recycling”