Exchange Act Sections 13(d) and 13(g) and Regulation 13D-G Beneficial Ownership Reporting

Question: When a Schedule 13D or 13G reporting person sells the subject securities short, does the reporting person's beneficial ownership change?

Answer: No. Short sales normally will not change a reporting person's Rule 13d-3 beneficial ownership since such sales do not change the amount of shares over which the person has "voting or investment power." However, short sales may trigger a requirement to amend the Schedule 13D pursuant to Rule 13d-2 unless all applicable changes in the facts previously set forth in the reporting person's Schedule 13D are not material. For example, the short sale may represent a change in the source of funds (Item 3), a possible shift in purpose (Item 4) (particularly to the extent that a plan or proposal to dispose of securities of the issuer was not disclosed previously), a "transaction" in the subject security (Item 5), as well as a contract, arrangement, understanding, or relationship with respect to securities of the issuer (Item 6) or require that an exhibit be filed (Item 7). The same analysis applies to a pledge of the securities in a secured transaction or the writing of call options. [July 11, 2025]

Question 104.02

Question: Are all Schedule 13G filers required to file an amendment to the Schedule within 45 days after the end of the calendar quarter to report any material changes in the information previously disclosed, or is this obligation limited to institutional investors who file on Schedule 13G pursuant to Rule 13d-1(b)?

Answer: All Schedule 13G filers must file an amendment to report any material changes in the information previously disclosed. The Schedule 13G does not need to be amended if there has been no material change to the information disclosed in the Schedule or if the only change is to the percentage of securities beneficially owned by the filing person resulting solely from a change in the aggregate number of the issuer's securities outstanding. See Rule 13d-2(b). [July 11, 2025]

Question 104.03

Question: What steps should a security holder take if it failed to file required amendments to a Schedule 13D in a timely manner?

Answer: Rule 13d-2(a) requires that a security holder amend its Schedule 13D within two business days after the date of "any material change … in the facts set forth in the Schedule 13D." If a security holder has failed to timely file any required Schedule 13D amendments, the security holder should immediately amend its Schedule 13D to disclose the required information. If the security holder failed to file multiple amendments to the Schedule 13D when required, it may disclose that information by filing multiple amendments or filing one combined amendment. Regardless of the approach taken, the security holder must ensure that the filings contain the information that it should have disclosed in each required amendment, including the dates and details of each event that necessitated a required amendment. Any of these steps taken by the security holder in these situations will not necessarily affect the determination of liability under the federal securities laws for the failure to timely file a required amendment to a Schedule 13D. [July 11, 2025]

Question 104.04

Question: A security holder owns variable-rate convertible notes. The number of common shares into which the notes are convertible within the next 60 days varies daily with the price of the underlying common stock. Does the holder of the convertible notes have the obligation to amend the Schedule 13D pursuant to Rule 13d-2(a) whenever a change in the conversion rate results in a one percent or more change in beneficial ownership of the underlying common shares?

Answer: Yes. Under Rule 13d-3(d), the right to acquire additional securities through changes in the amount of securities deemed beneficially owned based on a conversion rate is viewed in the same manner as the initial receipt of the right to acquire securities upon conversion that first triggered a filing obligation under Rule 13d-1(a). [July 11, 2025]

Question 104.05

Question: Does a security holder reporting beneficial ownership on Schedule 13D have an obligation to file a final amendment to disclose that its beneficial ownership of the class of securities fell to five percent or less, even though the disposition amounted to less than one percent of the class?

Answer: The security holder must file an amendment to Schedule 13D to the extent the decline in beneficial ownership to five percent or less constitutes a material change within the meaning of Rule 13d-2(a) and/or to reflect any other material changes to the information previously reported, including Items 4, 5(a)-(c) and 6 of Schedule 13D. It is important to note that the security holder's obligation to amend the Schedule 13D to report material changes to the information previously reported will continue until it files a final amendment disclosing the date on which it ceased to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent of the class of securities pursuant to Item 5(e) of Schedule 13D. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question: Are individual security holders that separately report on Schedule 13D required to amend their Schedules 13D when they later form a group together under Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act?

Answer: Yes. The security holders are required to amend their Schedules 13D because becoming a member of a group constitutes a material change under Rule 13d-2(a). The security holders may file separate amendments to their individual Schedules 13D, which would also satisfy the group's reporting obligation pursuant to Rule 13d-1(k)(2). Alternatively, they may file a joint Schedule 13D under Rule 13d-1(k)(1). The joint filing would constitute an initial Schedule 13D by the newly-formed group, but the group is required to file the Schedule 13D within two business days under Rule 13d-2(a) rather than within five business days of the group's formation since the report is intended to amend the three previously filed individual Schedules 13D. [July 11, 2025]

Question 104.07

Question: If a security holder reporting on Schedule 13D sells all of its shares after a voting record date but before the date of the shareholder meeting and retains the right to vote the shares through the meeting date, when should it file a final amendment on Schedule 13D to report that it is no longer a beneficial owner of more than five percent of the class of securities?

Answer: The security holder should not file the final amendment on Schedule 13D until the end of the shareholder meeting. While the security holder must file an amendment to the Schedule 13D under Rule 13d-2(a) after the sale to disclose the disposition of greater than one percent of the outstanding shares, it should not file a final amendment upon the sale of all of its shares because its voting power is not extinguished until the conclusion of the meeting. [July 11, 2025]

Question: A pledgee of securities was not required to file a beneficial ownership report on Schedule 13D or Schedule 13G before default by the obligor because the pledgee lacked the power either to vote or to dispose of the pledged securities and was not otherwise deemed to be a beneficial owner by application of Rules 13d-3(d)(3)(i)-(iii). Upon default by the pledgor, should the pledgee immediately examine whether it is required to file a beneficial ownership report or may it wait until it takes all formal steps necessary to declare a default?

Answer: After a default by the pledgor has occurred, the pledgee should re-examine the pledge agreement to determine whether the pledgee has been granted voting power or investment power irrespective of whether it has taken all formal steps necessary to declare a default or perfect its rights. To the extent that, upon default, the pledge agreement grants the pledgee voting or investment power over greater than five percent of the class of outstanding securities, the pledgee will be deemed to have acquired beneficial ownership of the pledged securities on the date of default and must report its beneficial ownership on a Schedule 13D within five business days after that date or, if eligible, a Schedule 13G within the requisite time frame. [July 11, 2025]

Question 105.02

Question: An investor receives a right to acquire more than five percent of an issuer's voting class of equity securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act without the purpose or effect of changing or influencing control of the issuer. The right is exercisable within 60 days and conditioned upon the effectiveness of a related registration statement. Must the investor report beneficial ownership of the underlying securities?

Answer: The investor is not required to file a beneficial ownership report on Schedule 13D or Schedule 13G until the contingency to acquiring the underlying securities is removed and the right becomes exercisable by the investor within 60 days from that date. Under Rule 13d-3(d)(1), an investor is not deemed to be a beneficial owner of the underlying equity securities when satisfaction of conditions to an investor's right to acquire the securities, such as the effectiveness of a registration statement, remains outside the investor's control. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question 105.03

Question: If a security holder owns convertible preferred securities that are convertible into greater than five percent of a class of equity securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, is the security holder obligated to file a beneficial ownership report even though the conversion terms of the preferred securities expressly provide that the security holder may not convert the preferred securities if doing so would cause it to own more than five percent of the issuer's outstanding underlying equity securities?

Answer: Depending on the conversion terms, it is possible that the security holder would not be obligated to file a beneficial ownership report. Rule 13d-3(d)(1)(i) states that a security holder is deemed to beneficially own any underlying securities that the security holder has the right to acquire within sixty days, including the right to acquire through conversion. Conversion provisions that limit the ownership of a class of securities must be binding and valid (e.g., provisions that are non-waivable, enforceable, established in the issuer's governing instruments, applicable to affiliates and assigns, etc.) to effectively eliminate the right of the holder of the convertible securities to acquire the underlying shares and, thereby, relieve the holder of a beneficial ownership report filing obligation. [For a further discussion of the factors that may indicate that a conversion cap is binding and valid, see Brief of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Amicus Curiae in Levy v. Southbrook International Investments, Ltd.] [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question 105.04

Question: A security holder that owns greater than five percent of a voting class of equity securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act has delegated all authority to vote and dispose of its stock to an investment advisor. Must the security holder still continue to report beneficial ownership of the shares?

Answer: Yes, assuming the security holder retains the right under the contract to rescind the authority granted to the investment advisor and regain investment or voting power over the shares within 60 days. See Rule 13d-3(d)(1) and Example 11 in Exchange Act Release No. 13291 (February 24, 1977). [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question: A husband and wife share the same household. One spouse beneficially owns more than five percent of a voting class of equity securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act. Is the other spouse deemed the beneficial owner of the same securities under Rule 13d-3(a) by virtue of their marital relationship alone?

Answer: No. For purposes of Regulation 13D-G, an analysis of the facts and circumstances is necessary in determining whether a husband, wife or child beneficially owns shares held by another family member sharing the same household. The relationship between family members should be analyzed to determine whether a family member directly or indirectly either has or shares voting and/or dispositive power over the shares held by any other family member living in the same household. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question: Certain shareholders have entered into a voting agreement under which each shareholder agrees to vote the shares of a voting class of equity securities registered under Section 12 that it beneficially owns in favor of the director candidates nominated by one or more of the other parties to the voting agreement. Under Section 13(d)(3), the shareholders have formed a group given that they have agreed to act together for the purpose of voting the equity securities of the issuer. Under what circumstances is the beneficial ownership of a party to the voting agreement attributed to one or more other parties to the agreement?

Answer: The formation of a group under Section 13(d)(3), without more, does not result in the attribution of beneficial ownership to each group member of the securities beneficially owned by other members. Under Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act, this group is treated as a new “person” for purposes of Section 13(d)(1) and is deemed to have acquired, due to the agreement among its members and corresponding operation of Rule 13d-5(b), beneficial ownership of the shares beneficially owned by its members. (Note that the analysis is different for Section 16 purposes. See Section II.B.3 of Exchange Act Release No. 28869 (February 8, 1991).)

In order for one party to the voting agreement to be treated as having or sharing beneficial ownership of securities held by any other party to the voting agreement, evidence beyond formation of the group under Section 13(d)(3) would need to exist. For example, if a party to the voting agreement has the right to designate one or more director nominees for whom the other parties have agreed to vote, the party with that designation right becomes a beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by the other parties under Rule 13d-3(a) if the agreement gives that person the power to direct the voting of the other parties’ securities. Similarly, if a voting agreement confers the power to vote securities pursuant to a bona fide irrevocable proxy, the person to whom voting power has been granted becomes a beneficial owner of the securities under Rule 13d-3. See Example 7 in Exchange Act Release No. 13291 (February 24, 1977). Conversely, parties that do not have or share the power to vote or direct the vote of other parties’ shares would not beneficially own such shares solely as a result of entering into the voting agreement. Note, however, that a contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship concerning voting or investment power among parties to the agreement, other than the voting agreement itself, may result in a party to the voting agreement having or sharing beneficial ownership of securities held by other parties to the voting agreement under Rule 13d-3. [July 11, 2025]

Question: An exchange-traded fund (“ETF”) does not disclose on each trading day the identities and quantities of its portfolio securities. To maintain confidentiality of this information, authorized participants (“APs”) effect creation and redemption transactions through a confidential brokerage account (“Confidential Account”) with an agent (“AP Representative”) for the benefit of the AP. Although the AP will not know the identities and quantities of the ETF’s portfolio securities, the AP will have some control over the timing of when the ETF’s portfolio securities will be purchased and sold on its behalf by the AP Representative through its ability to place creation and redemption orders with the ETF. Can the AP rely on informational barriers to calculate and report its Exchange Act Rule 13d-3 beneficial ownership of the ETF’s portfolio securities that are acquired on its behalf in a Confidential Account on a disaggregated basis from other accounts of the AP?

Answer: Yes, as long as the arrangement is consistent with the Commission’s guidance set forth in Release No. 34-39538 (Jan. 12, 1998), including the following conditions:

• the agreements governing the Confidential Account contain confidentiality provisions that operate as an effective informational barrier between the AP and the AP Representative and other persons with knowledge of the composition of the ETF’s portfolio;
• the AP, AP Representative, and the ETF’s custodian are unaffiliated entities that do not share officers, directors, or employees with investment discretion over the Confidential Account and their respective directors, officers, and employees do not participate in common compensation pools; and
• the AP obtains an annual, independent assessment of the operation of the policies and procedures established to prevent the flow of information related to the Confidential Account. [Oct. 7, 2022]

Question: An investment advisor represents several major shareholders of an issuer that is contemplating a rights offering. The major shareholders beneficially own, in the aggregate, more than five percent of the issuer’s Section 12 registered voting class of equity securities and retained the investment advisor to persuade the issuer to revise or drop the offer. Would such an arrangement result in the formation of a group under Section 13(d)(3) by the major shareholders that engaged the investment advisor?

Answer: Yes, the major shareholders have formed a group under Section 13(d)(3) because they acted as a group for the common purpose or goal of holding their securities. The major shareholders' joint decision to retain an investment advisor in a collective attempt to gain influence over a management decision with respect to a rights offering accordingly requires that the security holdings of the major shareholders be aggregated and reported on a Schedule 13D. A shareholder will cease to be a member of the group when it no longer acts as a group with the other group members for the purpose of holding the equity securities of the issuer. [July 11, 2025]

Question: Can a security holder that reports beneficial ownership on Schedule 13D rely on Rule 13d-6, which exempts acquisitions of securities by beneficial owners upon exercise of subscription rights from the reporting requirements of Section 13(d), to avoid amending its previously filed Schedule 13D when it acquires securities upon exercise of subscription rights?

Answer: No, because Rule 13d-6 only relates to the initial obligation to file a Schedule 13D. While a security holder previously exempt from filing on Schedule 13D is not subject to the beneficial ownership filing requirement solely by virtue of the exercise of subscription rights, a security holder that has previously filed a Schedule 13D is required to file an amendment pursuant to Rule 13d-2(a) to disclose any material change in the information previously filed with the Commission, including subsequent material acquisitions upon exercise of subscription rights. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question: Is a Schedule 13D reporting person required to file an amended Schedule 13D if it acquires warrants from an issuer that are not exercisable for six months?

Answer: Yes. Although an amendment to the Schedule 13D is not required for purposes of reflecting a material change in the amount of securities beneficially owned (since the warrants are not exercisable within 60 days), an amendment is required to amend the Item 4(a) (plans to acquire additional securities) and Item 6 (contracts) disclosures and to file the warrant agreement as an exhibit pursuant to Item 7 of Schedule 13D. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question: Should a beneficial owner include specific quantitative disclosures, such as the dollar amount of any penalty or the duration of any injunction ordered or bar imposed on the beneficial owner, in its summary of the terms of any judgment, decree or final order covered by Item 2(e) of Schedule 13D?

Answer: Yes, the summary of the terms of any judgment, decree or final order under Item 2(e) of Schedule 13D must include such specific quantitative disclosure. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question 110.03

Question: Do the references to "securities of the issuer" in Items 4(a) and 6 of Schedule 13D include all securities of the issuer, such as debt securities?

Answer: Yes, the references to "securities of the issuer" in Items 4(a) and 6 of Schedule 13D include all of the issuer's securities, whether or not the securities are a class of equity, have voting rights or are registered or to be registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act. For example, a reporting person who has formulated any plans or proposals or entered into any agreements involving the acquisition of debt securities of the issuer will be required to amend its Schedule 13D Item 4 and 6 disclosures to the extent material. [July 11, 2025]

Question: When a Schedule 13D reporting person enters into a contingent contract with an unaffiliated third party for the sale of enough shares that would cause the third party to hold over five percent of a class of equity securities registered under Section 12 when the sale occurs, is the third party required to file a beneficial ownership report? Is the Schedule 13D reporting person required to amend its Schedule 13D upon execution of the contract?

Answer: The third party does not acquire beneficial ownership until it has a right to acquire the shares within 60 days; accordingly, the third party has no beneficial ownership reporting obligation until the material contingencies over which it has no control are waived or satisfied. If all material contingencies are within the third party's control either to waive or satisfy, then the third party has a beneficial ownership reporting obligation upon execution of the contract. In addition, as a result of the execution of the contract, the person already reporting on Schedule 13D must amend its Schedule 13D to disclose any material changes to its Item 4 and Item 6 disclosures. [July 11, 2025]

Question: Should the disclosure in an initial or amended Schedule 13D be provided as of the date of the event that triggered the requirement to file the Schedule 13D or the date that the Schedule 13D is filed?

Answer: The disclosure in an initial or amended Schedule 13D should be current through the date that the beneficial owner files the report. For example, the reporting person should reflect its ownership totals on the cover page of the Schedule 13D as of the date it files the report. Similarly, the reporting person should disclose pursuant to Item 5(c) of Schedule 13D any transactions in the class of securities that were effected within the 60 days before the date on which the filing is made rather than 60 days before the event date. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question: A security holder owns six percent of a public company's common stock and files beneficial ownership reports on Schedule 13D. In response to Item 4 of Schedule 13D, the security holder states that it has no current plans to engage in any of the kinds of transactions enumerated in Item 4(a)-(j), but reserves the right to engage in such a transaction in the future. The security holder later determines to take the subject company private and engages an investment bank that formulates terms for the contemplated transaction. The security holder has not yet approached management of the target company or taken other steps to commence the transaction. Does the security holder have an obligation to amend its Schedule 13D? If so, when is the amendment requirement triggered?

Answer: Yes, the security holder is required to amend its Schedule 13D to disclose the material change to the information appearing in Item 4 because it has formed a plan that would or could result in delisting or deregistration of the subject securities and its existing Item 4 disclosure is no longer accurate. A plan or proposal, as those terms are used in Item 4, is not deemed to exist only upon execution of a formal agreement or commencement of a tender offer, solicitation or similar transaction. Generic disclosure reserving the right to engage in any of the kinds of transactions enumerated in Item 4(a)-(j) must be amended when the security holder has formulated a specific intention with respect to a disclosable matter. [July 11, 2025]

Question: May a Schedule 13D filer include commentary in Items 4 or 6, or attach an exhibit to Schedule 13D that opposes management, its initiatives and/or a pending transaction in an effort to influence security holder voting related to such matters without also considering the application of Regulation 14A to the communications?

Answer: No. The Schedule 13D filer must analyze its item disclosure and attached exhibits to determine whether any disclosures or communications reasonably constitute soliciting material. Beneficial ownership reporting was not intended to create an additional exception to the application of Regulation 14A. To the extent the Schedule 13D disclosure constitutes soliciting material under Rule 14a-1(l), the Schedule 13D filer would need to be eligible to rely upon an exception from the proxy rules to make public, written statements in opposition to a management proposal without contemporaneously filing pursuant to Rule 14a-12. If no exception is available, the Schedule 13D disclosure would then need to be filed under cover of Schedule 14A pursuant to Rule 14a-12. Note, however, that only persons who have an intention to file and disseminate a proxy statement are permitted under Rule 14a-12 to engage in soliciting activities before furnishing security holders with a proxy statement. [Sep. 14, 2009]

Question: Item 5(c) of Schedule 13D requires a reporting person to describe any transactions in the class of securities reported on that were effected within the past 60 days, including the date of the transaction, the amount of securities involved, and the price per share or unit. Since broker-dealers may execute trade orders in small increments and at multiple prices that may be as little as a fraction of a penny apart and provide their clients with average, instead of per share or per unit, prices, are there circumstances under which a Section 13(d) reporting person may aggregate purchase or sale transactions executed by a broker-dealer on the same day to fulfill its disclosure obligation under Item 5(c)?

Answer: Yes. A reporting person under Section 13(d) who, through a trade order executed by a broker-dealer, effects multiple open market purchase or sale transactions on the same day at different prices may disclose in the aggregate all purchase or sale transactions that occur within a one dollar price range on the basis of the weighted average purchase or sale price for those transactions. The reporting person must then: (1) specify, in a footnote or otherwise, the range of prices for each such one-dollar aggregate disclosure; and (2) undertake to provide upon request by the staff full information regarding the number of shares purchased or sold at each separate price. [Sep. 14, 2009]