Appendix E — Differences Between U.S. GAAP and IFRS Accounting Standards
Although ASC 805 and IFRS 3 were the result of a joint project between the FASB
and the IASB, differences exist between the two standards. Certain differences have
been present from the time the joint project was completed, some of which are
because of differences in other U.S. GAAP or IFRS Accounting Standards. Other
differences have resulted from subsequent standard setting. The table below
summarizes the significant differences between ASC 805 and IFRS 3.
Subject | ASC 805 | IFRS 3 |
---|---|---|
Definition of control | The ASC master glossary defines a
business combination as “[a] transaction
or other event in which an acquirer obtains
control of one or more businesses,” and
acquirer as “[t]he entity that obtains
control of the acquiree.” ASC 805 refers
to the guidance in ASC 810-10 on
determining the existence of a controlling
financial interest in the assessment of
control. | While IFRS 3 provides the same definitions
of business combination and acquirer as
ASC 805, IFRS 3 refers to the consolidation
guidance in IFRS 10 on determining
control. Differences between IFRS 10 and
ASC 810-10 could lead to differences in the
determination of whether a transaction
is a business combination and in the
identification of the acquirer. |
Identifying the
acquirer if the
acquiree is a VIE | Under ASC 805-10-25-5, “in a business combination in which a variable interest
entity (VIE) is acquired, the primary beneficiary of that
entity always is the acquirer.” | IFRS 3 does not include similar guidance because there is no VIE model under
IFRS Accounting Standards. Therefore, the determination of
the accounting acquirer follows the assessment of factors in
paragraphs B13 through B18 of IFRS 3. |
Definition of a
business — screen
(i.e., concentration
test under IFRS 3) | ASC 805
requires an entity to evaluate whether
substantially all of the fair value of the
gross assets acquired is concentrated
in a single identifiable asset or group of
similar identifiable assets (the “screen”).
If the screen is met, the set would not be
considered a business. The use of the
screen is mandatory. | IFRS 3 includes a
concentration test that is similar to the
screen in ASC 805; however, its use is
optional. |
Definition of a business — substantive processes | Under ASC 805, an acquired contract (e.g., outsourcing arrangement) cannot provide a substantive process if the set does not have outputs. | IFRS 3 allows an acquired contract to be considered a substantive process even if the set does not have outputs if it provides access to an assembled workforce that performs a critical process that the entity controls. |
Noncontrolling
interests and
goodwill — initial
measurement | ASC 805 requires entities to recognize and
measure noncontrolling interests at fair
value. | Under IFRS 3, an entity must make an accounting policy election, on an
acquisition-by-acquisition basis, to measure a
noncontrolling interest either at (1) the noncontrolling
interest’s proportionate share of the net fair value of the
acquiree’s identifiable net assets (referred to as the
“proportionate share method”) or (2) fair value (i.e., the
“full goodwill” approach). The latter approach is consistent
with that in ASC 805. |
Assets and liabilities arising from revenue contracts
|
In October 2021, the FASB issued
ASU
2021-08, which requires entities to
measure assets and liabilities arising from revenue
contracts in accordance with ASC 606. See Section
4.3.13 for more information about the
accounting for contract assets and contract liabilities
after an entity adopts ASU 2021-08.
|
IFRS 3 does not have a similar fair value
measurement exception for contract assets and contract
liabilities.
|
Liabilities arising from contingencies (i.e., contingent liabilities under IFRS
Accounting Standards) — recognition and initial
measurement | Under ASC 805, a liability arising from a contingency is recognized at fair value, if determinable, as of the measurement (acquisition) date. If the fair value cannot be determined, the entity will recognize a liability if both (1) “[i]nformation available before the end of the measurement period indicates that it is probable that . . . a liability had been incurred at the acquisition date” and (2) the “amount of the . . . liability can be reasonably estimated.” | An entity recognizes a liability arising from a contingency at fair value if it (1) is a present obligation that results from a past event and (2) can be measured reliably. |
Assets arising from contingencies (i.e., contingent assets under IFRS Accounting
Standards) — recognition and initial measurement | Under ASC 805, an asset arising from a contingency is recognized at fair value, if determinable, as of the measurement (acquisition) date. If fair value cannot be determined, the entity will recognize an asset if both
(1) “[i]nformation available before the end of the
measurement period indicates that it is probable that an
asset existed . . . at the acquisition date” and (2) the
“amount of the asset . . . can be reasonably estimated.” | An entity is not permitted to recognize a contingent asset in a business combination. |
Liabilities arising from contingencies (i.e., contingent liabilities under IFRS
Accounting Standards) — subsequent measurement | There is no specific guidance in U.S. GAAP on subsequent measurement. ASC
805-20-35-3 requires entities to subsequently account for
liabilities arising from contingencies on a “systematic and
rational basis . . . depending on their nature.” See
Section 4.3.6.2
for more information. | An entity recognizes a contingent liability at the higher of:
|
Assets arising from contingencies (i.e., contingent assets under IFRS Accounting
Standards) — subsequent measurement | There is no specific guidance in U.S. GAAP on subsequent measurement. ASC 805-20-35-3 requires entities to subsequently account for assets arising from contingencies on a “systematic and rational basis . . . depending on their nature.” | Because an entity is not permitted to recognize a contingent asset in a business
combination under IFRS 3, subsequent measurement is not
applicable. After a business combination, recognition is
appropriate only when realization of the income is virtually
certain and, therefore, the related asset is no longer
contingent. |
Operating leases
(after the adoption
of ASC 842) | If the acquiree is the lessor in an operating
lease, the acquirer separately recognizes
an intangible asset or liability if the terms
of the lease are favorable or unfavorable,
respectively, relative to current market
terms. | As indicated in paragraph B42 of IFRS 3, if
the acquiree is the lessor in an operating
lease, any favorable or unfavorable terms
of the operating lease are recognized
as part of the fair value of the leased
asset (i.e., no separate asset or liability is
recognized), which is consistent with the
guidance in IAS 40. |
Operating leases
(before the adoption
of ASC 842) | Regardless of whether the acquiree is the
lessee or the lessor in an operating lease,
ASC 805 requires entities to separately
recognize an intangible asset or liability
if the terms of the lease are favorable
or unfavorable, respectively, relative to
current market terms. | As indicated in paragraph B42 of IFRS 3, if
the acquiree is the lessor in an operating
lease, any favorable or unfavorable terms
of the operating lease are recognized
as part of the fair value of the leased
asset (i.e., no separate asset or liability is
recognized), which is consistent with the
guidance in IAS 40. |
Deferred taxes
and uncertain tax
positions | ASC 805 requires entities to recognize and
measure deferred taxes and uncertain
tax positions in accordance with ASC 740,
which is not converged with IAS 12. | As indicated in paragraphs 24 and 25 of IFRS 3, entities must recognize and
measure deferred taxes and uncertain tax positions in
accordance with IAS 12, which is not converged with ASC 740. |
Employee benefits | Under ASC 805, entities must recognize and measure employee benefits in
accordance with existing standards (e.g., ASC 715), which
are not converged with IFRS Accounting Standards. | Paragraph 26 of IFRS 3 requires entities to
recognize and measure employee benefits
in accordance with IAS 19, which is not
converged with U.S. GAAP. |
Contingent
consideration —
initial classification | Entities must classify contingent consideration as a liability, equity, or an
asset in accordance with U.S. GAAP (e.g., ASC 480-10, ASC
815-10, ASC 815-40), which is not converged with IFRS
Accounting Standards. | Paragraph 40 of IFRS 3 requires entities to classify contingent consideration as
a liability, equity, or an asset in accordance with existing
IFRS Accounting Standards, such as IAS 32. Because U.S. GAAP
and IFRS Accounting Standards are not converged, differences
in the initial classification could lead to differences in
the subsequent accounting. |
Share-based
payment awards —
initial measurement | Entities must initially recognize and
measure share-based payment awards
in accordance with ASC 718, which is not
converged with IFRS 2. The two standards’
implementation guidance also differs. | Paragraphs 30 and B56–B62B of IFRS 3
require entities to initially recognize and
measure share-based payment awards
in accordance with IFRS 2, which is not
converged with ASC 718. Differences
between ASC 718 and IFRS 2 may lead to
differences in the accounting for share-based
payment awards. The two standards’
implementation guidance also differs. |
Measurement-period
adjustments | As a result of the amendments to
ASC 805 made by ASU 2015-16, an
acquirer must recognize adjustments to
provisional amounts identified during the
measurement period in the reporting
period in which the adjustments are
determined rather than retrospectively. | Paragraph 49 of IFRS 3 requires
adjustments to provisional amounts
identified during the measurement period
to be recognized on a retrospective basis
as if the accounting for the business
combination had been completed on the
acquisition date. |
Disclosure of pro
forma financial
information | Required for public entities only:
In accordance with ASC 805-10-50-2(h),
if comparative financial statements are
presented, the acquirer must disclose “the
revenue and earnings of the combined
entity . . . as though the business
combination(s) that occurred during
the current year had occurred as of the
beginning of the comparable prior annual
reporting period.” | Required for all entities: As indicated in paragraph B64(q) of IFRS
3, disclosure of revenue and profit or loss
of the combined entity for the comparable
prior period is not required even if
comparative financial statements are
presented. |
Disclosure of a gain
or loss recognized
after the acquisition
date related to the
identifiable assets
acquired | Under ASC 805, there is no disclosure
requirement for gains or losses recognized
in connection with identifiable assets
acquired in a business combination. | In accordance with paragraph B67(e)
of IFRS 3, an acquirer must disclose
“the amount and an explanation of any
gain or loss recognised in the current
reporting period that both: i. relates to the
identifiable assets acquired or liabilities
assumed in a business combination that
was effected in the current or previous
reporting period; and ii. is of such a size,
nature or incidence that disclosure is
relevant to understanding the combined
entity’s financial statements.” |
Pushdown
accounting | An acquired entity has the option to apply
pushdown accounting in its separate
financial statements. | IFRS Accounting Standards provide no authoritative guidance on the application
of pushdown accounting. In practice, IFRS preparers do not
apply pushdown accounting to the separate financial
statements of an acquiree. |
Common control | Businesses and net assets transferred between entities under common control are
generally recognized at their historical carrying amounts,
as reflected in the parent’s financial statements. | IFRS Accounting Standards provide no authoritative guidance on the accounting
for transfers of businesses between entities under common
control. In practice, entities can elect to apply either the
acquisition method or the predecessor’s historical cost.
However, the IASB has a research project on its agenda to
consider how to fill the gap in IFRS Accounting Standards on
the accounting for business combinations under common
control. The objective of the IASB’s project is “to explore
possible reporting requirements that would reduce the
diversity in practice and improve the transparency and
comparability of the reporting on such combinations.”
Practitioners should monitor this project for any
developments that might change the current accounting. |