6.3 Convertible Debt That May Be Settled in Cash or Common Stock
6.3.1 Background
There are four types of convertible debt instruments whose stated conversion
terms require or allow the issuing entity to settle a conversion either
partially or entirely in cash. These four convertible debt instrument types are
as follows:6
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Instrument A — Upon conversion, the issuer must satisfy the entire obligation in cash equivalent to the conversion value. The entire obligation comprises (1) the accreted value of the debt obligation plus (2) the conversion spread.
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Instrument B — Upon conversion, the issuer may satisfy the entire obligation in either common stock or cash equivalent to the conversion value. The entire obligation comprises (1) the accreted value of the debt obligation plus (2) the conversion spread.
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Instrument C — Upon conversion, the issuer must satisfy the accreted value of the debt obligation (the amount accrued to the benefit of the holder, excluding the conversion spread, or the principal amount of the debt) in cash and may satisfy the conversion spread in either common stock or cash.
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Instrument X — Upon conversion, the issuer may satisfy the accreted value of the obligation (the amount accrued to the benefit of the holder, excluding the conversion spread, or the principal amount of the debt) in either cash or common stock and may satisfy the conversion spread in either common stock or cash (i.e., the issuer can pay any combination of cash or common stock to achieve conversion).
An issuing entity must either separate the embedded conversion option under ASC
815-15 or apply the fair value option to Instrument A (see Example 6-1). Unless the
embedded conversion option must be separated under ASC 815-15, Instruments B, C,
and X are accounted for in the same manner as traditional convertible debt
instruments. However, the EPS accounting considerations differ for Instrument C
convertible debt instruments.
The remaining discussion in Section 6.3 focuses on the considerations related to basic and
diluted EPS for Instruments B, C, and X (referred to collectively as “cash
convertible debt instruments”) when the issuing entity has not separated the
embedded conversion option under ASC 815-15 and has not elected to apply the
fair value option to such instruments. Sections 6.6.3 and 6.6.4 address
considerations related to situations in which the issuing entity has separated
the embedded conversion option under ASC 815-15 or has elected to apply the fair
value option to such instruments.
6.3.2 Basic EPS
Provided that a cash convertible debt instrument does not represent a
participating security, basic EPS is affected as a result of (1) a reduction of
the numerator (i.e., net income) due to the recognition of interest expense or
an adjustment to the numerator due to the recognition of a gain or loss on
extinguishment7 and (2) an increase in the denominator if the convertible debt instrument
has been settled in exchange for common stock (i.e., an increase in the
weighted-average common shares outstanding calculated from the date the security
is exchanged for common stock). If the cash convertible debt instrument meets
the definition of a participating security, the entity must apply the two-class
method to calculate basic EPS (see Chapter 5).
Modifications or exchanges involving cash convertible debt instruments may
affect the carrying amount of the instrument and the effective interest rate
used to amortize the discount between the carrying amount and principal amount
of the instrument. Thus, a modification or exchange could also affect the
numerator in the calculation of basic EPS. See Section 6.6.1 for a discussion of the
impact of an induced conversion.
6.3.3 Diluted EPS
6.3.3.1 General
ASC 260-10
Contracts
That May Be Settled in Stock or Cash
45-45 The effect of potential
share settlement shall be included in the diluted
EPS calculation (if the effect is more dilutive) for
an otherwise cash-settleable instrument that
contains a provision that requires or permits share
settlement (regardless of whether the election is at
the option of an entity or the holder, or the entity
has a history or policy of cash settlement). An
example of such a contract accounted for in
accordance with this paragraph and paragraph
260-10-45-46 is a written call option that gives the
holder a choice of settling in common stock or in
cash. An election to share settle an instrument, for
purposes of applying the guidance in this paragraph,
does not include circumstances in which share
settlement is contingent upon the occurrence of a
specified event or circumstance (such as
contingently issuable shares). In those
circumstances (other than if the contingency is an
entity’s own share price), the guidance on
contingently issuable shares should first be
applied, and, if the contingency would be considered
met, then the guidance in this paragraph should be
applied. Share-based payment arrangements that are
payable in common stock or in cash at the election
of either the entity or the grantee shall be
accounted for pursuant to this paragraph and
paragraph 260-10-45-46, unless the share-based
payment arrangement is classified as a liability
because of the requirements in paragraph
718-10-25-15 (see paragraph 260-10-45-45A for
guidance for those instruments). If the payment of
cash is required only upon the final liquidation of
an entity, then the entity shall include the effect
of potential share settlement in the diluted EPS
calculation until the liquidation occurs.
45-46 A contract that is
reported as an asset or liability for accounting
purposes may require an adjustment to the numerator
for any changes in income or loss that would result
if the contract had been reported as an equity
instrument for accounting purposes during the
period. That adjustment is similar to the
adjustments required for convertible debt in
paragraph 260-10-45-40(b).
Contracts
That May Be Settled in Stock or Cash
55-32 Adjustments shall be
made to the numerator for contracts that are asset
or liability classified, in accordance with Section
815-40-25, but for which the potential common shares
are included in the denominator in accordance with
the guidance in paragraph 260-10-45-45. For purposes
of computing diluted EPS, the adjustments to the
numerator are only permitted for instruments for
which the effect on net income (the numerator) is
different depending on whether the instrument is
accounted for as an equity instrument or as an asset
or liability (for example, those that are within the
scope of Subtopics 480-10 and 815-40).
A conversion of a cash convertible debt instrument in accordance with its
original conversion terms may be settled in cash, common stock, or a
combination thereof. Nevertheless, diluted EPS must always be calculated on
the basis of share settlement. This is the case regardless of whether the
issuer or the holder of the instrument can elect the form of settlement upon
a conversion.
6.3.3.1.1 Application of If-Converted Method to Cash Convertible Debt Instruments
An entity must apply the if-converted method to
Instruments B, C, and X on the basis of the conversion terms that are
most advantageous to the holder, as required by ASC 260-10-45-21. It is
not appropriate for the entity to calculate diluted EPS on the basis
that it will elect to cash-settle any portion of the cash convertible
debt instruments that may be settled in cash or common stock. See
Example
6-1 for an illustration of the accounting for diluted EPS
for Instrument A.
The application of the if-converted method of
calculating diluted EPS for Instrument C differs from that for
Instruments B and X. For Instruments B and X, the numerator is adjusted
to add back interest, net of tax, and the gross number of shares of
common stock issuable upon conversion is added to the denominator.
Because the principal amount of Instrument C must be settled in cash,
the numerator is not adjusted in the calculation of diluted EPS for this
instrument (see ASC 260-10-45-40(b)(1)). Rather, an entity uses the
if-converted method to calculate diluted EPS by determining the number
of shares needed to settle the conversion premium (i.e., the portion of
the convertible debt instrument in excess of the principal amount that
is settled in shares) and adding that amount to shares outstanding to
calculate the denominator for diluted EPS purposes. The average market
price is used to determine such dilution in accordance with ASC
260-10-45-21A. The effect would be dilutive if the average market price
of the shares exceeds the conversion price. However, if the average
market price of the shares was less than the conversion price, the
conversion premium would be zero and there would be no dilutive
effect.
See Section 4.4.3 for examples
illustrating the calculations of diluted EPS for Instruments C and X.
Connecting the Dots
Although ASC 260 refers to the calculation of
diluted EPS for an Instrument C convertible debt instrument
under the if-converted method, this calculation is the same as
that under the treasury stock method. Therefore, it is important
for an entity to determine whether it is appropriate to
calculate diluted EPS by using the approach that applies to an
Instrument C convertible debt instrument. For example, assume
that an entity issues a convertible debt instrument that becomes
convertible, at the holder’s option, upon the mere passage of
time (i.e., the conversion option is not contingently
exercisable). Upon conversion of the instrument, the issuer must
pay the principal amount in cash and may elect to settle the
conversion spread in either common stock or cash. However, if
the issuing entity’s common stock price exceeds 150 percent of
the conversion price, the issuer has the right to call the
convertible debt instrument for par (i.e., the issuer can force
the holder to convert the instrument when its stock price
exceeds 150 percent of the conversion price). Upon any
conversion that is triggered as a result of this call option,
the issuing entity has the right to settle the instrument in any
combination of common stock or cash in a manner similar to how
an Instrument X convertible instrument is settled. Diluted EPS
for this convertible instrument should not be calculated in a
manner similar to how an entity accounts for diluted EPS for an
Instrument C convertible debt instrument. Because a market price
trigger is ignored in the calculation of diluted EPS for a
convertible debt instrument (see Section 4.4.3), the
issuing entity must assume that it will obtain the right to
settle any conversion entirely in shares. Therefore, the entity
should account for diluted EPS in the same manner in which the
if-converted method is applied to an Instrument X convertible
debt instrument.
As another example, an Instrument C convertible debt instrument
may be converted into an Instrument X convertible debt
instrument at the option of the issuer or holder. Alternatively,
an Instrument X convertible debt instrument may be converted
into an Instrument C convertible debt instrument at the option
of the issuer or holder. In both situations, the issuer is not
required to settle the principal amount in cash; therefore,
diluted EPS for these types of instruments should not be
calculated in a manner similar to how an entity accounts for
diluted EPS for an Instrument C convertible debt instrument.
Sections 6.6.3 and 6.6.4 discuss considerations related to
situations in which an entity has issued Instrument B, C, or X and has
either separated the embedded conversion option under ASC 815-15 or has
applied the fair value option. See Section
4.9 for further discussion of the year-to-date
calculations of diluted EPS.
Connecting the Dots
ASC 260-10-55-84 through 55-84B appear to
indicate that in calculating year-to-date diluted EPS for
Instrument C, an entity should use its average share price for
the year. However, this approach would be inconsistent with the
statement in the example that “[t]he conversion premium should
be included in diluted earnings per share based on the
provisions of paragraphs 260-10-45-45 through 45-46 and
260-10-55-32 through 55-36A.” These paragraphs require an entity
to apply ASC 260-10-55-3, which states that in the calculation
of year-to-date diluted EPS, “the number of incremental shares
to be included in the denominator shall be determined by
computing a year-to-date weighted average of the number of
incremental shares included in each quarterly diluted EPS
computation.” Therefore, despite what ASC 260-10-55-84 through
55-84B appear to say, an entity should determine year-to-date
diluted EPS for a convertible debt instrument that requires the
issuer to pay the principal amount in cash by calculating a
year-to-date average of the number of incremental shares
included in each calculation of quarterly diluted EPS. Such an
approach is consistent with the treasury stock method.
Footnotes
6
The names of the instruments are based on how they are
commonly referred to in practice. For all four instruments, the
“conversion spread” means (1) the number of common shares receivable on
conversion according to the original conversion terms multiplied by the
issuing entity’s common stock price less (2) the accreted value.
7
Because these items are recorded in net income, no
specific adjustments should be made to the numerator in the calculation
of basic EPS.