5.2 Promises in Contracts With Customers
5.2.1 In General
Identification of all promises in a contract is important because promises are what comprise
performance obligations and entities recognize revenue on the basis of the satisfaction of performance
obligations. ASC 606-10-25-18 lists examples of what could constitute a promise in a contract:
ASC 606-10
25-18 Depending on the
contract, promised goods or services may include, but
are not limited to, the following:
-
Sale of goods produced by an entity (for example, inventory of a manufacturer)
-
Resale of goods purchased by an entity (for example, merchandise of a retailer)
-
Resale of rights to goods or services purchased by an entity (for example, a ticket resold by an entity acting as a principal, as described in paragraphs 606-10-55-36 through 55-40)
-
Performing a contractually agreed-upon task (or tasks) for a customer
-
Providing a service of standing ready to provide goods or services (for example, unspecified updates to software that are provided on a when-and-if-available basis) or of making goods or services available for a customer to use as and when the customer decides
-
Providing a service of arranging for another party to transfer goods or services to a customer (for example, acting as an agent of another party, as described in paragraphs 606-10-55-36 through 55-40)
-
Granting rights to goods or services to be provided in the future that a customer can resell or provide to its customer (for example, an entity selling a product to a retailer promises to transfer an additional good or service to an individual who purchases the product from the retailer)
-
Constructing, manufacturing, or developing an asset on behalf of a customer
-
Granting licenses (see paragraphs 606-10-55-54 through 55-60 and paragraphs 606-10-55-62 through 55-65B)
-
Granting options to purchase additional goods or services (when those options provide a customer with a material right, as described in paragraphs 606-10-55-41 through 55-45).
5.2.2 Implied Promises
ASC 606-10
25-16 A contract with a customer generally explicitly states the goods or services that an entity promises to
transfer to a customer. However, the promised goods and services identified in a contract with a customer may
not be limited to the goods or services that are explicitly stated in that contract. This is because a contract with
a customer also may include promises that are implied by an entity’s customary business practices, published
policies, or specific statements if, at the time of entering into the contract, those promises create a reasonable
expectation of the customer that the entity will transfer a good or service to the customer.
For some contracts, it will be easy to identify all promises because they are
all specifically stated. However, the FASB and IASB decided to require entities
to identify the implied promises as well. The reason for the boards’ decision,
as discussed in paragraph BC87 of ASU 2014-09, was to ensure that all
of the promises in a contract are appropriately identified so that when an
entity allocates consideration to the performance obligations identified, it
will recognize revenue when control of all of the promised goods and services in
the contract is transferred to the customer. Paragraph BC87 goes on to state,
“The Boards also noted that the implied promises in the contract do not need to
be enforceable by law. If the customer has a valid[1] expectation, then the customer would view those promises as part of the
negotiated exchange (that is, goods or services that the customer expects to
receive and for which it has paid).” Therefore, promises that an entity’s
customer reasonably expects the entity to fulfill even though they are not
explicitly stated in the contract are implied promises that should be accounted
for.
Connecting the Dots
Software companies may be familiar with identifying implied promises through
software upgrades and updates that are not explicitly identified in the
arrangement. In addition, a manufacturer of furniture may provide a
written warranty to its customers to repair the products in the first
year after purchase. However, if the manufacturer also has historically
provided repairs free of charge beyond the first year in accordance with
the manufacturer’s customary business practice, an implied promise may
exist.
The concept of implied promises is important because if an entity does not identify an implied promise in a contract,
it could recognize revenue at the wrong time. For example, the entity could recognize all
revenue from the contract because it has satisfied all explicitly stated promises in the contract.
However, because the entity still has an unidentified implied promise to satisfy for the customer,
no consideration was allocated to that promise. As a result, the entity recognized more revenue
from the contract than it should have at that point.
The guidance on implied promises will require an entity to use judgment to
determine whether a customer has a reasonable expectation based on
customary business practices or the entity’s previous transactions with
the customer that the entity will provide a good or service not
specifically stated in the contract.
5.2.2.1 Illustrative Examples in ASC 606 of Explicit and Implicit Promises (ASC 606-10-55-151 Through 55-157A)
Cases A, B, and C of Example 12 in ASC 606, which are reproduced below, further discuss explicit and
implicit promises.
ASC 606-10
Example 12 — Explicit and Implicit Promises in a Contract
55-151 An entity, a manufacturer, sells a product to a distributor (that is, its customer), who will then resell it to
an end customer.
Case A — Explicit Promise of Service
55-152 In the contract with the distributor, the entity promises to provide maintenance services for no
additional consideration (that is, “free”) to any party (that is, the end customer) that purchases the product from
the distributor. The entity outsources the performance of the maintenance services to the distributor and pays
the distributor an agreed-upon amount for providing those services on the entity’s behalf. If the end customer
does not use the maintenance services, the entity is not obliged to pay the distributor.
55-153 The contract with the customer includes two promised goods or services — (a) the product and (b) the
maintenance services (because the promise of maintenance services is a promise to transfer goods or services
in the future and is part of the negotiated exchange between the entity and the distributor). The entity assesses
whether each good or service is distinct in accordance with paragraph 606-10-25-19. The entity determines
that both the product and the maintenance services meet the criterion in paragraph 606-10-25-19(a). The
entity regularly sells the product on a standalone basis, which indicates that the customer can benefit from
the product on its own. The customer can benefit from the maintenance services together with a resource the
customer already has obtained from the entity (that is, the product).
55-153A The entity further
determines that its promises to transfer the product
and to provide the maintenance services are
separately identifiable (in accordance with
paragraph 606-10-25-19(b)) on the basis of the
principle and the factors in paragraph 606-10-25-21.
The product and the maintenance services are not
inputs to a combined item in this contract. The
entity is not providing a significant integration
service because the presence of the product and the
services together in this contract do not result in
any additional or combined functionality. In
addition, neither the product nor the services
modify or customize the other. Lastly, the product
and the maintenance services are not highly
interdependent or highly interrelated because the
entity would be able to satisfy each of the promises
in the contract independent of its efforts to
satisfy the other (that is, the entity would be able
to transfer the product even if the customer
declined maintenance services and would be able to
provide maintenance services in relation to products
sold previously through other distributors). The
entity also observes, in applying the principle in
paragraph 606-10-25-21, that the entity’s promise to
provide maintenance is not necessary for the product
to continue to provide significant benefit to the
customer. Consequently, the entity allocates a
portion of the transaction price to each of the two
performance obligations (that is, the product and
the maintenance services) in the contract.
Case B — Implicit Promise of Service
55-154 The entity has historically provided maintenance services for no additional consideration (that is, “free”)
to end customers that purchase the entity’s product from the distributor. The entity does not explicitly promise
maintenance services during negotiations with the distributor, and the final contract between the entity and the
distributor does not specify terms or conditions for those services.
55-155 However, on the basis of its customary business practice, the entity determines at contract inception
that it has made an implicit promise to provide maintenance services as part of the negotiated exchange with
the distributor. That is, the entity’s past practices of providing these services create reasonable expectations of
the entity’s customers (that is, the distributor and end customers) in accordance with paragraph 606-10-25-16.
Consequently, the entity assesses whether the promise of maintenance services is a performance obligation.
For the same reasons as in Case A, the entity determines that the product and maintenance services are
separate performance obligations.
Case C — Services Are Not a Promised Service
55-156 In the contract with the distributor, the entity does not promise to provide any maintenance services.
In addition, the entity typically does not provide maintenance services, and, therefore, the entity’s customary
business practices, published policies, and specific statements at the time of entering into the contract have
not created an implicit promise to provide goods or services to its customers. The entity transfers control of
the product to the distributor and, therefore, the contract is completed. However, before the sale to the end
customer, the entity makes an offer to provide maintenance services to any party that purchases the product
from the distributor for no additional promised consideration.
55-157 The promise of maintenance is not included in the contract between the entity and the distributor
at contract inception. That is, in accordance with paragraph 606-10-25-16, the entity does not explicitly or
implicitly promise to provide maintenance services to the distributor or the end customers. Consequently, the
entity does not identify the promise to provide maintenance services as a performance obligation. Instead, the
obligation to provide maintenance services is accounted for in accordance with Topic 450 on contingencies.
55-157A Although the maintenance services are not a promised service in the current contract, in future
contracts with customers the entity would assess whether it has created a business practice resulting in an
implied promise to provide maintenance services.
5.2.2.2 Accounting for Virtual Goods
Many developers of online games allow customers to access
and play the games for no charge. Rather than licensing the software to
their customers, the developers generally host the software for their
customers to access. Arrangements that allow customers of online game
developers to access and play online games are accounted for as a service
(hosted software as a service [SaaS]) rather than as the transfer of a
software license because the customers typically cannot take possession of
the software associated with the online games.
To enhance the gaming experience of customers who can access and play online
games for no charge, online game developers may give them the option to
purchase virtual goods or services (i.e., virtual items). These virtual
items are generally classified as either (1) consumables (i.e., items that
are consumed by a specific action and are no longer available to a customer
once consumed, such as virtual groceries) or (2) durables (i.e., items that
are accessible to a customer for use throughout the entire game, such as a
virtual house). In addition, customers may have the ability to purchase
virtual currency, which enables them to purchase other virtual items.
In effect, customers are enhancing their gaming experience
through optional purchases. Some of these purchases are “consumed” by a
player immediately or shortly after he or she gains access to them, and
others are consumed by the player over time. Nevertheless, even when an item
is consumed immediately, it may still have an ongoing effect on the player’s
gaming experience (e.g., if consumption of the item enables the player to
reach another level that would otherwise have been inaccessible).
Generally, a developer is not contractually obligated to continue making an
online game available to a customer. Further, a developer can terminate a
customer’s account at any time for no cause, regardless of whether the
customer has purchased virtual items. Nevertheless, many developers have a
customary business practice of notifying customers when they are planning to
shut down an online game, although such notification is not contractually
required.
Generally, an implied promise would exist since the developer has implicitly
promised to provide hosting services after the customer purchases a virtual
item. Without the hosting services, the customer would not be able to use
and benefit from the enhanced gaming experience that it receives through the
game as a result of purchasing the virtual item. Although the developer is
not contractually obligated (i.e., it has not explicitly promised) to
continue hosting the online game for the customer, it has established a
customary business practice of (1) continuing to host the online game and
(2) notifying customers when it is planning to shut down the game. The
developer’s customary business practice creates a reasonable expectation
that the developer will continue to host the software so that the virtual
item (or the enhanced gaming experience derived from the virtual item) will
remain available to the customer.
A developer should carefully consider the nature of the
implied promise to its customer in determining the appropriate recognition
model. Customers often simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of
the developer’s performance of making the hosted software available to the
customer. Consequently, the developer may determine that it should recognize
revenue for its implied promise either at a point in time (e.g., upon
consumption) or over time by using a method that faithfully depicts its
performance in transferring control of the promised services (i.e., the
benefits of the enhanced gaming experience related to the purchase of
virtual items promised to the customer). Immediate recognition of revenue at
the point in time when a customer purchases a virtual item may not be
appropriate if the benefits of the enhanced gaming experience are provided
over time. Rather, the entity may need to consider the period over which the
customer benefits from the enhanced gaming experience that it receives by
purchasing the virtual item when determining the appropriate period and
pattern of revenue recognition.
We believe that the following may be relevant factors for an entity to
consider in making this assessment:
- Whether the nature of the implied promise is to provide an enhanced gaming experience through the hosted service over time or to enable the player to consume virtual items.
- The period over which the enhanced gaming experience is provided if the benefits are consumed throughout the hosting period (e.g., user life, gaming life).
- The life span over which, or number of times, the virtual item may be accessed or used.
- Whether the virtual item must be used immediately or may be stored for later use.
- How and over what period the virtual item benefits the customer’s gaming experience (e.g., a consumable such as a virtual meal that is used immediately vs. a durable that allows a player to “level up” within the game in such a way that the increased performance continues to enhance the gaming experience).
- Whether the benefit of purchasing the virtual item on the customer’s gaming experience is temporary or permanent.
For additional information about the timing of revenue recognition, see
Chapter 8.
5.2.3 Immaterial Promises
ASC 606-10
25-16A An entity is not
required to assess whether promised goods or services
are performance obligations if they are immaterial in
the context of the contract with the customer. If the
revenue related to a performance obligation that
includes goods or services that are immaterial in the
context of the contract is recognized before those
immaterial goods or services are transferred to the
customer, then the related costs to transfer those goods
or services shall be accrued.
25-16B An entity shall not apply the guidance in paragraph 606-10-25-16A to a customer option to acquire
additional goods or services that provides the customer with a material right, in accordance with paragraphs
606-10-55-41 through 55-45.
When the FASB and IASB were developing the revenue standard, they received
feedback, as noted in paragraph BC88 of ASU 2014-09, that there can be
situations in which promises in contracts could be considered “marketing
expenses or incidental obligations.” The boards considered the feedback but
decided that allowing management to determine whether promises are a marketing
expense would result in too much subjectivity on the part of management and
therefore could lead to inconsistent application of the concept. As a result,
the boards determined that every promise, either on its own or jointly with
other promises, should give rise to a performance obligation.
Paragraph BC90 of ASU 2014-09 notes that the boards “decided not to exempt an
entity from accounting for performance obligations that the entity might regard
as being perfunctory or inconsequential. Instead, an entity should assess
whether those performance obligations are immaterial to its financial
statements.”
However, questions arose about whether it was necessary for an entity to
identify immaterial goods or services when identifying performance
obligations.
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10,2 which states that an entity “is not required to assess whether promised
goods or services are performance obligations if they are immaterial in the
context of the contract with the customer.” In addition, the ASU indicates that
an entity should consider materiality of items or activities only at the
contract level (as opposed to aggregating such items and performing an
assessment at the financial statement level). This change should not apply to an
entity’s assessment of optional goods and services offered to a customer, which
the entity must evaluate under ASC 606-10-55-42 and 55-43 to determine whether
they give the customer a material right (i.e., an optional good offered for free
or at a discount, such as that provided through loyalty point programs, may not
be material for an individual contract but could be material for contracts in
the aggregate and accounted for as a material right). Material rights are
further discussed in Chapter
11.
ASU 2016-10 permits entities to choose not to evaluate whether immaterial items
or activities represent performance obligations. Thus, the exclusion of such
immaterial items or activities under the revenue standard would not be
considered a departure from GAAP and need not be aggregated as a misstatement.
If an entity identifies multiple immaterial promised goods or services in a
contract with a customer, the entity should consider the materiality of those
individually immaterial promises in the aggregate when identifying performance
obligations.
5.2.3.1 Accounting for Perfunctory or Inconsequential Performance Obligations
Under ASC 606, perfunctory or inconsequential promises in a
contract may be, but are not presumed to be, immaterial in the context of
the contract.
Example 5-1
Entity X enters into a contract to
transfer Product A and Item B to a customer. Product
A and Item B meet the criteria in ASC 606-10-25-19
to be considered distinct and do not meet the
criteria in ASC 606-10-25-14(b) (i.e., they do not
constitute a series of distinct goods or services
that are substantially the same and have the same
pattern of transfer to the customer). Item B may be
either a substantive promise in the arrangement
(e.g., free maintenance on Product A for two years)
or inconsequential (e.g., certain promises to
participate in a joint committee, delivery of an
installation or training manual, a simple
installation process that only requires unpacking
and plugging in, a simple inspection service).
Even if Item B is considered
perfunctory or inconsequential, X cannot ignore the
guidance in ASC 606 when determining whether and, if
so, how to account for it. Perfunctory or
inconsequential promises in a contract may be, but
are not presumed to be, immaterial in the context of
the contract. As a result, X may need to reevaluate
historical conclusions by using the framework
outlined in ASC 606-10-25-16A and 25-16B.
5.2.3.2 Framework for Identifying Immaterial Promised Goods or Services
ASC 606-10-25-16A and 25-16B (reproduced in Section 5.2.3) provide guidance on
immaterial goods and services. Stakeholders have asked about the framework
an entity should use to identify a potential good or service that is
immaterial in the context of the contract. We believe that the following
considerations are relevant to the assessment of whether a good or service
is immaterial in the context of the contract:
-
An entity may conclude that a potential good or service is immaterial in the context of the contract if the estimated stand-alone selling price of the potential good or service is immaterial (quantitatively) compared with the total consideration in the contract (i.e., the amount that would be allocated to such good or service is immaterial in the context of the contract).
-
An entity may conclude that a potential good or service is immaterial in the context of the contract if it determines that the customer does not consider the potential good or service material to the contract (i.e., the entity would evaluate qualitative factors, including the customer’s perspective, in determining whether a potential good or service is immaterial in the context of the contract).
-
An entity may conclude that a potential good or service is immaterial in the context of the contract if it determines that the customer would have entered into the contract and paid the same (or similar) consideration if the potential good or service was excluded from the contract.
In addition, we think that when an entity performs an
assessment to identify immaterial promised goods or services, it should also
consider the guidance in ASC 606-10-25-16B on customer options (i.e.,
potential material rights) as well as the SEC staff’s view of “material” as
discussed in SAB
Topic 1.M. For additional information about the
accounting for material rights, see Chapter
11.
5.2.4 Consideration of Activities
ASC 606-10
25-17 Promised goods or services do not include activities that an entity must undertake to fulfill a contract
unless those activities transfer a good or service to a customer. For example, a services provider may need to
perform various administrative tasks to set up a contract. The performance of those tasks does not transfer a
service to the customer as the tasks are performed. Therefore, those setup activities are not promised goods
or services in the contract with the customer.
There is a difference between promises and activities in contracts. The FASB and
IASB wanted this to be clear because the revenue standard is based on
recognizing revenue as an entity transfers control of goods or services to
customers. When an entity promises goods and services to customers, it is going
to transfer those goods or services to the customers. In contrast, activities
that an entity is required to undertake to fulfill promises in a contract do not
necessarily transfer goods or services to the customer. Therefore, since the
completion of an activity does not represent transfer of control, an entity
would not recognize revenue on the basis of the completion of an activity.
5.2.4.1 Assessing Whether a Preproduction Activity Forms Part of the Delivery of a Promised Good or Service
In some long-term supply arrangements, before goods can be
delivered to a customer, an entity may be required to undertake
preproduction activities such as “up-front” engineering and design (e.g., to
create new technology or adapt existing technology to the needs of the
customer). Because of the nature of the underlying tasks, preproduction
activities are often carried out over time.
If a preproduction activity transfers a good or service to a
customer as the preproduction activity is carried out, it will be
appropriate, subject to the other requirements of ASC 606, to recognize
revenue as the preproduction activity is carried out.3
If a preproduction activity does not transfer a good or
service to a customer as the preproduction activity is carried out, no
revenue should be recognized as the preproduction activity is carried out.
Instead, the associated costs should either be capitalized (e.g., if they
meet the criteria in ASC 340-40-25-5) or expensed as incurred.
When performing an assessment of whether preproduction
activities transfer a good or service to a customer, an entity should
identify the nature of its promise(s) to the customer to determine whether
the preproduction activity represents either of the following:
-
A promised good or service (or part of a promised good or service) that is transferred to the customer.
-
A fulfillment activity that does not transfer a good or service to the customer.
In making this determination, an entity will need to use
judgment. In addition to the guidance in ASC 606-10-25-14 through 25-22 on
identifying performance obligations, an entity might look to the guidance in
ASC 606-10-25-27 through 25-29 on satisfying a performance obligation over
time.
One scenario in which a performance obligation is satisfied
over time is when the “customer simultaneously receives and consumes the
benefits provided by the entity’s performance as the entity performs” (see
ASC 606-10-25-27(a)). A determination that the customer simultaneously
receives and consumes benefits as the entity carries out the preproduction
activity would indicate that the preproduction activity is, or forms part
of, a performance obligation. In the entity’s assessment of whether the
customer simultaneously receives and consumes benefits, it may be helpful to
consider, in accordance with ASC 606-10-55-6, whether another entity would
need to substantially reperform the preproduction activities if that other
entity were to fulfill the remaining performance obligation to the customer.
When making this assessment, the reporting entity should assume that the
other entity would not have the benefit of any asset that the reporting
entity would continue to control if the contract were terminated.
Another scenario in which a performance obligation is
satisfied over time is when the entity’s performance creates or enhances an
asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. A
determination that the preproduction activity creates or enhances an asset
that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced would
indicate that the preproduction activity is, or forms part of, a performance
obligation.
Example 5-2
An entity enters into a contract
with a customer to develop and produce a new
product. As part of its development of that new
product for the customer, the entity performs
engineering and development activities. The entity
determines that (1) the customer will own the
intellectual property (patents) that results from
those activities and (2) those activities are
creating an asset that the customer controls as the
asset is created.
Accordingly, the entity concludes
that (1) the engineering and development activities
are transferring a good or service to the customer
over time and (2) those activities are, or form part
of, the performance obligation(s) in the contract
with the customer.
The above issue is addressed in Q&A 16 (compiled from
previously issued TRG Agenda Papers 46 and 49) of the FASB staff’s Revenue Recognition Implementation Q&As
(the “Implementation Q&As”). For additional information and Deloitte’s
summary of issues discussed in the Implementation Q&As, see Appendix C.
5.2.4.2 Promise to Stand Ready to Accept a Returned Product
Entities often offer customers the right to return a product
within a certain period after its initial sale, provided that the product
has not been used or damaged. ASC 606-10-55-24 states that an “entity’s
promise to stand ready to accept a returned product during the return period
should not be accounted for as a performance
obligation in addition to the obligation to provide a refund”
(emphasis added). Therefore, a right of return is not a separate performance
obligation. However, a customer’s right to return a product may affect the
amount of revenue recognized (the transaction price) because revenue may
only be recognized for goods that are not expected to be returned.
For further discussion of sales with a right of return, see Section
6.3.5.3. For stand-ready obligations to provide goods or
services, see Section
5.4.3.
5.2.4.3 Shipping and Handling Activities
ASC 606-10
25-18A An entity that promises a good to a customer also might perform shipping and handling activities
related to that good. If the shipping and handling activities are performed before the customer obtains control
of the good (see paragraphs 606-10-25-23 through 25-30 for guidance on satisfying performance obligations),
then the shipping and handling activities are not a promised service to the customer. Rather, shipping and
handling are activities to fulfill the entity’s promise to transfer the good.
25-18B If shipping and handling activities are performed after a customer obtains control of the good, then
the entity may elect to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good.
The entity shall apply this accounting policy election consistently to similar types of transactions. An entity that
makes this election would not evaluate whether shipping and handling activities are promised services to its
customers. If revenue is recognized for the related good before the shipping and handling activities occur, the
related costs of those shipping and handling activities shall be accrued. An entity that applies this accounting
policy election shall comply with the accounting policy disclosure requirements in paragraphs 235-10-50-1
through 50-6.
Stakeholders asked the FASB to clarify whether shipping and handling services
that do not represent the predominant activity in the contract should be
accounted for as a promised service (i.e., potentially a separate
performance obligation to which a portion of the transaction price must be
allocated) or as a fulfillment cost that should be accounted for under the
new fulfillment cost guidance in ASC 340-40.
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10,4 which provides a practical expedient that permits an entity to account
for shipping and handling activities that occur after the customer has
obtained control of a good as fulfillment activities (i.e., an expense)
rather than as a promised service (i.e., a revenue element). An entity may
also elect to account for shipping and handling activities that occur after
control of the good is transferred to the customer as a promised service.
When the practical expedient is elected and revenue for the related good is
recognized before the shipping and handling activities occur, the entity
should accrue the costs of the shipping and handling activities at the time
control of the related good is transferred to the customer (i.e., at the
time of sale).
ASU 2016-10 also explains that shipping and handling activities performed before control of a product
is transferred do not constitute a promised service to the customer in the contract (i.e., they represent
fulfillment costs).
Connecting the Dots
The election to account for shipping and handling services as a promised service (a revenue
element) or a fulfillment activity (a cost element) typically should not apply to entities whose
principal service offering is shipping or transportation. Further, we believe that such election
(1) should be applied consistently and (2) is available to entities that recognize revenue for the
sale of goods either at a point in time or over time.
In a speech at the 2017 AICPA Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Developments, Barry Kanczuker, associate chief accountant in the SEC’s Office of the Chief Accountant (OCA), provided the following guidance on the classification of shipping and handling expenses:
The staff has received questions under Topic 606 regarding the classification of shipping and handling expenses. Under Topic 606, if the shipping and handling activities are performed before the customer obtains control of the good, a registrant would account for the shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good. If shipping and handling is performed after a customer obtains control of the good, an entity may either account for shipping and handling as a promised service to the customer or elect to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good. The questions we received related specifically to those shipping and handling expenses that were accounted for as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good, and these questions arose because the prior guidance on classification of shipping and handling expenses, and the explicit policy election regarding classification of such costs, was superseded by the new revenue standard, which now does not include any guidance that addresses the classification of shipping and handling expenses.
Given the noted absence of any guidance, I believe an entity will need to apply reasonable judgment in determining the appropriate classification of shipping and handling expenses for those shipping and handling activities that are accounted for as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good. Hence, the staff noted it would not object to the following approaches. First, the staff noted that it would not object to classification of these expenses within cost of sales. Second, given that there is no explicit guidance within Topic 606 related to the classification of shipping and handling expenses, the staff noted that it also would not object to an entity continuing to apply its previous policy regarding classification of these expenses, which could potentially be outside of cost of sales. I believe that a registrant that classifies significant shipping and handling costs outside of cost of sales should consider whether it should disclose the amount of such costs and the line item or items on the income statement that include them, similar to the disclosures required under the previous guidance. [Footnotes omitted]
5.2.4.4 Mobilization Activities
In some industries, entities may perform “mobilization” activities at or near
contract inception to fulfill their performance obligations under contracts
within the scope of ASC 606 (e.g., transportation of equipment to the
construction site). Questions have arisen about how an entity should account
for such mobilization activities. Frequently, these activities do not result
in the transfer of a good or service to the customer; rather, they represent
set-up activities and are therefore not accounted for as part of the
performance obligation(s) in the contract with the customer. Refer to
Section
13.3.5 for a discussion about the accounting for incurred
costs related to set-up activities and mobilization.
Footnotes
[1]
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10.
As a result of ASU 2016-10, the customer’s “valid” expectation, as
discussed in paragraph BC87 of ASU 2014-09, was changed to the
customer’s “reasonable” expectation under ASC 606-10-25-16.
2
The IASB did not amend IFRS 15 to expressly address
immaterial promises. Accordingly, IFRS 15 does not include similar
guidance on determining the materiality of promised goods or services.
Rather, an entity’s overall materiality considerations should be used in
the evaluation of promised goods or services under IFRS 15. The boards
do not expect a significant difference in application. For a summary of
differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS Accounting Standards on
revenue-related topics, see Appendix A.
3
Such a preproduction activity could be a performance
obligation in its own right or could form part of a larger
performance obligation.
4
The IASB did not amend IFRS 15 to expressly address
shipping and handling activities. Accordingly, IFRS 15 does not
include similar elections. See Appendix A for a summary of
differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS Accounting Standards on
revenue-related topics.